Warfighting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Warfighting - Essay Example The military operation plan has to correlate with the security cooperation and contingency planning guidelines of the Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) [Sweeney, pg.64]. As the US is not supporting the claim of present Moroccan government with respect to their sovereignty over Western Sahara, and is of the position that the UN-mediated ceasefire of 1991 be respected by all parties and a peaceful resolution of the conflict be sought, the mission will try to accomplish the same under a wider perspective. In this matter US forces envisage to work in cooperation with a UN peacekeeping force and will try to accomplish in long term, a permanent ceasefire, reduction of Moroccan military presence in the region, ensuring Moroccan and Polisario militaries keep to their assigned territories, release from Moroccan jails of all Western Saharan political prisoners and also exchange of pows, implementation of a UN-led repatriation program for refugees, registration of all qualified voters, and a free and fair referendum. Under the short term objectives of the mission, will come another set of conflict resolution and humanitarian aid providing steps. The immediate step in this sequence of action will be to try to prevent more people from marching in into the cities and also finding solution to the humanitarian crisis caused by the already happened influx of people. It would be a matter of priority to help the women and children who have entered the city as part of the protesting groups as they are the most vulnerable elements to a humanitarian tragedy. Food, potable water and medical support will have to be arranged for all those who are in need of them. In view of the US policy to have a peaceful solution to the crisis, our mission will also be primarily to avert the exercise of force that can lead to violence or physical repression.

Geology in The United Arab Emirates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geology in The United Arab Emirates - Essay Example Over the response of the plate tectonic movement, the two have behaved as a unit. The begun of the separation of this two from African plate started aver about 25- 30 million years ago with the red sea being the initial opening. The U.A.E ancient story was in some points a rumor. A rock, as per the Precambrian history, does not outcrop in the regions of the UAE also; they are not known information drill. In Saudi Arabia and Sultanate of Oman, the exposure of the Precambrian sedimentary rocks were experienced and from this exposure, it participated in delayed Precambrian glaciations. That in many desperate parts of the today’s world were known due the evidence of geology. A shallow red sea covers not much time after the initial appearance of the abundant fossil stable lifestyles during the Middle Cambrian time, a general region that is in the reach of UAE (The Emirates). Thick accumulation of salt and the early Cambrian sediments of both the Arabian sides being included reveal that the area have been the site of first stage drifting from a larger continent that later formed an ocean basin. At the continental edge, the interpretation would account for the UAE subsequent position. The movements of the Afro-Arabian plate in the period of the Paleozoic caused the pass near the South Pole in the Ordovician period. During this period is when North Africa and UAE became glaciated. During the middle of the Paleozoic, the Afro-Arabian continent became the largest in the southern Gondwana supercontinent. The continent later broke into Permian and Triassic. UAE has remained in the tropical latitudes since the end of Paleozoic. The appearance of the UAE has remained tectonically to stable despite the travels. Rather than local tectonic and climatic fluctuations, the geological history of the country as a whole has been based on the primary legend of the advance and retreat of the sea in response to the global idea. The make that was to become of UAE was through the

Hand Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids Technology

Hand Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids Technology DEVELOPMENT OF A HAND GLOVE CONTROLLER REHABILITATION AIDS Muhammad Hafizudin Bin Abdul Manas Abstract A hand-glove with a sensor is developed for rehabilitation aids. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the hand glove with a sensor that can be used as an input signal for rehabilitation purpose. This project, the wheelchair is used as a mechanism. The project will be control by the flex sensor. This sensor will be guide the wheelchair to move forward, reverse, right and left direction by using the algorithm hand gesture. The Arduino UNO (ATmega328) is used as an interface with the flex sensor and wheelchair. This Arduino will convert resistance input from sensors with analog read to digital read by using ATmega328. Then it will response with the pulse with modulation (PWM) by using driver motor to accelerate the DC motor. The output will give the instruction for wheelchair motion such as forward, reverse, left and right. Keywords – Hand Glove, Flex Sensor, Wheelchair, Microcontroller Arduino UNO, Hand Gesture INTRODUCTION In real life, there are many people who are having disability physically that cannot communicate, listen, walking and more. For the disable people, rehabilitative aids it important to maintain their daily activities same as normal people. In many years, Stroke affects almost one million people and 80 % survivors are left with weakened limbs and hands. There are many designs and method was developed to regain their hand movement and strength. A rehabilitation technique system has been designed to help the patient or disable people [4]. One of the most common human physically activities are walking. Walking is an important role in human daily. Patient or disable people have this problem need the rehabilitation aids. For example, wheelchair is one of the mechanisms to help the disable people to continue their daily activities. Current wheelchair that everyone uses nowadays it manually controls it with their barehanded or need assistance to move the wheelchair. Many evolution has been tr ansform to control the wheelchair such as powered wheelchair, wheelchair control by using voice commands, wheelchair control by joystick and wheelchair control by pressing button. Wheelchair control by voice command is one of the methods to help disable people. This mechanism is design based on vocal command. There are have several condition to move the wheelchair such forward, backward, right, left, stop, light on and light off. Vocal command has limited and must use the same voice to control the motion of wheelchair. Efficiency to control in silent environment is higher than noise environment [1]. Pressing button also can be control the wheelchair, it been setup in programming to move wheelchair in particular place. For example, when disable people press the button 1 it move to the kitchen or press button 2 moves to living room. The wheelchair it helps with a sensor to detect the obstacle in its path. It follows the line algorithm path based on black and white surface on the floor [2]. For this papers and this idea, this project consist: Development of Control Algorithm High Level programming language Development of Control Algorithm The algorithm referred to any computation performed under a set of rules that applied to numbers in a decimal form. An algorithm can be represented of a solution to a problem. The control algorithm is the most important characteristic and the one to consider first. The control algorithm interpreted the true nature of output as a function of the input. For example, algorithm is hand gesture to produce the output. The hand gestures used for controlling robot’s motion, in video games [3] High Level programming language In order to develop a control algorithm, high level programming language is used. High level languages are designed to understand than assembly languages and allow a program to run. The translation of high level languages into object code needs a source code. For example, wheelchair using MEMS sensor has been using c language programming into PIC microcontroller to control the wheelchair motion [4]. LITERATURE REVIEW Hand Glove Control In modern biomedical technologies, a robotic system has been used in physical assistance and rehabilitation such as soft robotic glove. Glove is a portable device that patient can be wear for exercise individual fingers to minimize the stresses on their hand during therapy. The application used new technologies in now days such as The PowerFoot One and Luke Arm. For The PowerFoot One is an advanced complete ankle and foot prosthesis. The user legs move like a normal person walking when their use this product because this product mimic human foot. For Luke Arm device designed to provide a person with a partially articulated robotic arm that uses foot pads to control and move it [4]. Moreover, hand- glove also implemented into control the machine toys such as helicopter and remote car. It uses the same technique that the person wears the glove as the control and use the variables motion to move the machine. The function is similar same as joystick [7]. The same concept applied to this project where the hand glove is used. The hand glove will act as a controller in moving the wheelchair according the movement of fingers. Flex Sensor Nowadays, high technologies used robot to move something and doing a task to replace the human being. Sensor plays important role in robotic. A sensor is device that can measure the motion in high degree. Flex sensors are analog resistors. These resistors work as variable analog voltage divider. Inside the flex sensor are carbon resistive elements with thin flexible substrate. Figure 1 shows degree of bending for flex sensor. Smaller the radius, higher will be the resistance value [8]. From this research, design powered wheelchair which control by using hand movement. Used two fingers of hand gloves are needed to control the wheelchair. Two photodiodes at upper side and two sensors locate opposite side for these two fingers. Microcontroller is programming for different code combinations, it also know as converters from input signal to output, it decoded the signal into appropriate movement of wheelchair with accelerate DC motor. [3] Figure 1: Flex Sensor offers variable resistance readings Retrieved from Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller [8] ALOGRITHM HAND GESTURES In our daily activities, many people frequently used hand gesture to communication such as thumb up for good and two fingers like ‘V’ shape for peace. Many researchers [4] [8] used hand gesture to identifying and recognize some form of action without saying it to express the action have their do. Joyeeta Singha project for sign language hand gesture step by step. The system consist five step such as skin filtering, palm cropping, edge detection, feature extraction and classification. Recognize obtain almost 90% for different symbols. [4]. Y Tabata is developing hand gesture for spelling in Japanese language. Creating the hand gesture to obtain the alphabet and numbering to get spelling. [8] The same concept hand gesture applied for algorithm to control the wheelchair movement and motion. Figure 2: Example of hand gesture that cropping [4] METHODOLOGY Project Overview Figure 3: Block Diagram of Hand Glove System Figure 3 shows a block diagram of hand glove system including Flex sensor 2.2 â€Å", Amplifier, Atmega 328 (Arduino UNO) microcontroller, Dual channel 10A motor driver and DC Motor. The input is flex sensor and the output is DC Motor Microcontroller is a main core for the whole that will generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal to control the dual channel motor driver. Dual channel motor driver produce the output signal to motor from the PWM to accelerate the DC motor slow or fast. The resistance input from sensors will converter from analog read to digital read in binary number by using Arduino. Flex Sensor with amplifier Figure 4 shows the flex sensor connection circuit for resistance to voltage converter. The range resistance of input for this flex sensor is 0 to 10K Ohms. Figure 4: Resistance to Voltage converter connection A negative reference voltage will give a positive output. The output value is produced when the sensor in condition of low degree of bending. The Op-amp is used to produce the signal from the input to the output as a voltage in a wide range. For this project is used is LM324 as amplifier. LM324 consists of four independent, high gains, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers. Figure 5 shows the performance characteristic of LM324, from this figure 5, the higher supply voltage versus the input voltage. Figure 5: Input Voltage Range vs Supply Voltage Atmega328 Microcontroller Figure 6: ATmega 328 microcontroller Figure 6 shows the ATmega 328 microcontroller’s pin which triggers the signal to motor driver. The generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal is sent to motor driver from specific pin port. This microcontroller also convert the resistance input from the sensors with analog read to digital read in binary number. EXPERIMENT SETUP Figure 7: Blok diagram hand glove control system The hand glove controller has been developing in order to assist disable people to accelerate the wheelchair. Figure 7 shows the 5 main part combine together to perform hand glove control the wheelchair movement and the Arduino board becomes important electronic device. Figure 8 : Hand Glove with Flex Sensor Figure 8 shows the assembly hand glove with flex sensor. It is portable and easy to handle. One hand is used and there have four flex sensors that attached on the hand glove. Each sensor is fitted with the length of each finger except thumb. For each finger has their own function to control the movement of wheelchair and voltage required is +5v. It will convert resistance input from sensors with analog read to digital. Each finger for each sensor also has own function to accelerate the wheelchair. Table 1 shows the function and motion for each sensor. Table 1: Function of each sensor No Sensor Motion of wheelcahir 1 A Forward 2 B Backward 3 C Right 4 D Left RESULT AND DISCUSSION Based on the experiment setup, a new algorithm is developed for the movement of hand glove system to control the wheelchair. The new development of hand glove controller consisted of Arduino, PWM and wheelchair system. In this project, the c language has been used as a medium of language and it already programmed into Arduino Uno. The source code is written based on the performing work decision and control algorithm based on hand gesture. Figure 9 shows flowchart for algorithm to accelerate the movement of wheelchair. Figure 9: Flow Chart for Algorithm Hand Gesture After the source code has been programmed in to Atmega328 microcontroller (Arduino UNO board), the hand glove controller system is test by two different method. The first test of the programming is without DC motor. Second test, the programming will test with DC motor are conducted in order to see either the development of control algorithm is functioning or not.     Ã‚   Figure 10: the assembly hand glove system with wheelchair Figure 10 shows the real situation where people seat on the wheelchair with hand controller system. In these experiment two normal male subjects, age 25 with weight range 50-70 kg. For second test, the performance was good and the mechanism in good functional. The DC motor was performed based on the signal provided by dual channel motor drive with algorithm. Table 2 shows that hand gesture and direction of wheelchair movement. Table 2: Hand Gesture and direction of movement Hand Gesture LCD Display Direction Wheelchair Stop Wheelchair forward slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair reverse slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair right slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Wheelchair left slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers. Table 2 shows the hand gesture algorithm and direction of wheelchair when it applied. From this test, the control system implementation using this hand glove system development is quite successful with the wheelchair system. Therefore, it also gives the disable people use wheelchair without assistance in their daily activities. DC motor has been controlled by motor controller with interface Arduino that was programmed by C language. Table 3: Reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchair Sensor Condition of Wheelchair Movement Reading of flex sensor (Hz) A, B, C and D Stop A,B,C,D A,B,C,D > 150 A Forward 50150 B Backward 50150 C Turn Right 50150 D Turn Left 50150 Table 2 shows the reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchair when the algorithm is applied. The wheelchair stops when the PWM value for each sensor below 50Hz or more than 150Hz, DC motor stop. For forward slow and fast, sensor A value 50Hz150Hz then motor are accelerate. For sensor B, C and D, PWM value has same as sensor A to produce the different direction. CONCLUSION In this project, the development of hand glove controller for rehabilations aids is propose to assist the disable people that have problem such as walking. It will help them to control the wheelchair more easily. The implementation of control algorithm and device into the system hand glove become succesfull.This application, it will be easier the disable people or patient to control wheeelchair by their self. In addition , the development of algorithm for hand gesture gave some easily to control the system and it comfortable. There, the objectives of this project can be said as successfully, which is algoritm can give instruction the motion of wheelchair. REFERENCES R.Puviarasi, MrithaRamalingam, Elanchezhian Chinnavan (2013), Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled People Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha University, India S.Shaheen#1, A.Umamakeswari(2013), INTELLIGENT WHEELCHAIR FORPEOPLE WITHDISABILITie University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Solanki Krunal M (2013), Indian Sign Languages using Flex Sensor Glove, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Gandhinagar, India Michael A Delph II, Sarah A Fischer, Phillip W Gauthier ,Carlos H. Martinez Luna, Edward A. Clancy, Gregory S. Fischer,(2013) A Soft Robotic Exomusculature Glove with Integrated sEMG Sensing for Hand Rehabilitation, AIM Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA,. Dr.Shaik Meeravali, Aparna,(2013), Design and Development of a Hanglove Controlled Wheel Chair Based on MEMS, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, RRS College of Engineering and Technology, Muthangi, Faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad, India. Joyeeta Singha, Karen Das (2012), Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Karhunen-Loeve Transform, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1,2Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, Assam, India Jeremyblum (2010), Hardware Control Using Hand Gesture from http://www.jeremyblum.com/2010/05/09/sudoglove/ retrieved 20/11/2014 Abidhusain Syed1, Zamrrud Taj H. Agasbal, Thimmannagouday Melligeri 1, Bheemesh Gudur1 (2011), Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller,Department of Electronics and Communication, BLDEA College of Engg Bijapur-3, India; 2Department of Electronics and Com- munication, KBN College of Engg Gulbarga-4, India. SensorWiki.org (2013),Flexion retrieved from http://www.sensorwiki.org/doku.php/sensors/flexion Y Tabata, T Kuroda, K Okamoto (2012), Development of a glove-type input device with the minimum number of sensors for Japanese finger spelling,Department of Radiation Technology, Kyoto College of Medical Science, 1-3 Imakita, Oyama-higashi, Sonobe, Nantan, JAPAN. GlobalSpec, (2013), Safety Gloves Information retrieved from http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/personal_protective_equipment/gloves_clothing

Immigration :: essays research papers

Like many other areas over the past years, the US has seen a rapid increase in immigrants who have come to the region seeking better lives for their families. These immigrants, like those throughout U.S. history, are generally hard workers and make important contributions to the economy through their productive labor and purchasing power. Most immigrants usually fill essential service jobs in the economy, which are vacant. Unfortunately, like new immigrants throughout U.S. history, â€Å"they experience conditions that are commonly deprived, oppressive, and exploitive† (Conover, 2000). They are paid low wages with little potential for advancement, are subjected to hazardous working conditions, and are threatened with losing their jobs and even deportation if they voice dissatisfaction with the way they are treated. Many work several jobs to make ends meet. Many also live in substandard housing with abusive landlords, have few health cares options, and are victims of fraud and other crimes. Immigrant problems are related to trade agreements designed to enable large corporations to capture both consumer markets and cheap labor. These agreements protect rich investors, but not the workers or the environment. In the U.S., millions of production and assembly jobs are lost when corporations move operations overseas. Poor countries have had to sell state industries and open national borders to multinational corporations in order to meet a new economic order and payment of international debts. This process has restricted markets for home industries, driven out local producers, and forced people to immigrate. The U.S. borders can never be sealed, because millions of people are seeking ways to support their families, so will come to where jobs are available. Furthermore, American businesses want and need these workers. While the multinational corporations and their rich investors benefit from corporate welfare deals and seek out havens to avoid supporting society with their taxes, ordinary Americans have to pick up their tab. This situation sounds familiar in American labor history, where immigrants have been a mainstay in the national workforce. It wasn't until the labor movement gained strength that workers in the U.S. were able to turn â€Å"exploitive jobs into occupations that enabled them to support their families and improve their living conditions† (Dougherty, 2004). Higher wages have also increased their purchasing power, stimulated economic growth, and higher standards of living. Labor contracts and new laws, regulations, and policies established a more open employment system, procedures for addressing complaints, and safer working environments. Immigration :: essays research papers Like many other areas over the past years, the US has seen a rapid increase in immigrants who have come to the region seeking better lives for their families. These immigrants, like those throughout U.S. history, are generally hard workers and make important contributions to the economy through their productive labor and purchasing power. Most immigrants usually fill essential service jobs in the economy, which are vacant. Unfortunately, like new immigrants throughout U.S. history, â€Å"they experience conditions that are commonly deprived, oppressive, and exploitive† (Conover, 2000). They are paid low wages with little potential for advancement, are subjected to hazardous working conditions, and are threatened with losing their jobs and even deportation if they voice dissatisfaction with the way they are treated. Many work several jobs to make ends meet. Many also live in substandard housing with abusive landlords, have few health cares options, and are victims of fraud and other crimes. Immigrant problems are related to trade agreements designed to enable large corporations to capture both consumer markets and cheap labor. These agreements protect rich investors, but not the workers or the environment. In the U.S., millions of production and assembly jobs are lost when corporations move operations overseas. Poor countries have had to sell state industries and open national borders to multinational corporations in order to meet a new economic order and payment of international debts. This process has restricted markets for home industries, driven out local producers, and forced people to immigrate. The U.S. borders can never be sealed, because millions of people are seeking ways to support their families, so will come to where jobs are available. Furthermore, American businesses want and need these workers. While the multinational corporations and their rich investors benefit from corporate welfare deals and seek out havens to avoid supporting society with their taxes, ordinary Americans have to pick up their tab. This situation sounds familiar in American labor history, where immigrants have been a mainstay in the national workforce. It wasn't until the labor movement gained strength that workers in the U.S. were able to turn â€Å"exploitive jobs into occupations that enabled them to support their families and improve their living conditions† (Dougherty, 2004). Higher wages have also increased their purchasing power, stimulated economic growth, and higher standards of living. Labor contracts and new laws, regulations, and policies established a more open employment system, procedures for addressing complaints, and safer working environments.

A Musical Evening Essay

No, I haven’t been to a musical (lately). But Friday â€Å"my† choir and I had an appointment with, well, the rest of the population here, really. The local choirs (5) and whoever else who wanted to come along, were gathered to sing. The choirs had 2-3 songs each in between, but the rest was pure singalong (not karaoke..). Before going I felt as if I was a hundred years old, because that’s what I expected the average age of the people attending to be – but no such thing. Admittedly, average age was possibly 50, but there was such a genial atmosphere, and fun songs to sing! It was great listening to the other choirs and there was even food and drink. Very un-Norwegianly, people smiled and talked to complete strangers, and I doubt not that the compere was right when he said you couldn’t sing and be a sourpuss. I didn’t feel like a hundred years old, and I even answered when called upon by strangers†¦ I’ll just give you a couple examples of the singalong (as usual, it’s sound only – for atmosphere, the localities where wrapped in semi-darkness). It’s not particularly beautiful, but it’s kind of silly-funny, it’s two songs phonetically translated to Norwegian – Ferje over Mjà ¸sa (= ferry cross Mjà ¸sa, from â€Å"ferry cross the Mersey†, of course – at least it’s about a ferry ride too) and Du kan godt fà ¥ sitte innte meg Leif (= feel free to move in closer, Leif, from â€Å"got to get you into my life† – it’s got absolutely nothing to do with the original, but it sounds like it†¦) Our performance? It wasn’t too bad, actually. We’d had two practice sessions before this evening†¦ The second song (a medley) I won’t go into, but the first one had several people coming over to us afterwards saying things like â€Å"most enchanting of the evening†, â€Å"most special† and â€Å"most true (= in tune) singing they’d ever heard†. I can live with that.

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Exam 1 Review Guide: (Introduction to Anatomy, Chemistry, Cell) Note: 90 % of the exam will come from this review guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp. com, the text or material covered in the lecture and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy †¢ What is the definition of anatomy? †¢ What is the definition of physiology? †¢ What is homeostasis? †¢ What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained? †¢ What are the directional terms used to find things in the body? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Up/down o Right/left o Close/far Closer to the midline/farther from the midline o Same side/opposite side o Face up/face down o Etc. (maybe more) †¢ What are the major cavities of the body? †¢ What are the planes of the body? †¢ What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm o Forearm o Wrist o Hand o Fingers o Thumb o Elbow o Front of elbow o Poin t of elbow o Thigh o Knee o Knee cap o Leg o Calf o Foot o Sole of foot o Head o Neck o Chest o Lungs o Heart o Groin o Pelvis (front) o Low back o Buttocks o Etc. (maybe more) †¢ What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of organization and what is the order? Chemistry †¢ What are the four major elements of the body? †¢ What are the lesser or trace elements of the body? †¢ What are the three subatomic particles and what charge do they carry? †¢ What is an isotope? †¢ What is the difference between an atom and an element? †¢ What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ? o Give examples for each. †¢ What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding? †¢ What are the two major types of chemical reactions? †¢ Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme? †¢ What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds? †¢ What is an acid? †¢ What is a base? †¢ What is pH the measure of? †¢ If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why? †¢ Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base? †¢ Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base? †¢ What are the four major types of organic compounds? †¢ What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? †¢ What are examples of lipids? †¢ What are examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins? †¢ What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not? †¢ What are the two major types of nucleic acids? †¢ What are the two major types of purines? †¢ What are the three major types of pyrimidines? †¢ Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bond hold them together? †¢ What is DNA? †¢ What i s RNA? †¢ What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) composed of? †¢ What are the two major parts of metabolism? †¢ What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells †¢ What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the function of the plasma membrane? †¢ What are the two different types of plasma membrane proteins? †¢ What are the three functions of membrane proteins? †¢ Where are glycolipids only found? †¢ What are the three major types of membrane junctions? o What are their functions †¢ What is osmosis? †¢ What is diffusion? †¢ What are the two major types? †¢ What is active transport? †¢ What are the major types? †¢ What is endocytosis/exocytosis? †¢ What are the different types of endocytosis? †¢ What is phagocytosis? †¢ What is pinocytosis? †¢ What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol? †¢ What are the major organelles of th e cell? †¢ What are their functions? o For example, what is the function of the following organelles? o Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Edoplasmic reticulum ? Smooth ? Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more) †¢ What are cilia? †¢ What is the nucleus? What does it contain? †¢ What is chromatin? †¢ What is the cell cycle? †¢ When is DNA replicated? †¢ What does the cell undergo cell division? †¢ What is mitosis? †¢ What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis? †¢ What are the phases of meiosis? †¢ What is transcription? From what to what? †¢ What is translation? From what to what? Tissues †¢ What makes up tissues? †¢ What are the 4 different types of tissues? †¢ What are the different types of epithelial tissues? †¢ How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostr atified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more) †¢ Where are these epithelial tissues located? †¢ What are the major functions of each? †¢ What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you find goblet cells? †¢ What is the function of goblet cells? †¢ What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures) †¢ What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands? †¢ What are the different types of connective tissues? o Loose o Areolar o Adipose o Reticular o Dense o Regular o Irregular o Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous) o Bone (Osseous) o Blood †¢ What are their (above) functions and where are they found? †¢ What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue? †¢ What are the characteristics of nervous tissue? †¢ What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities? †¢ What are the characteristics for each ? †¢ What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue †¢ What are the 3 major regions of the skin? †¢ What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? What are their functions? †¢ What are the 4 or 5 layers of the epidermis? †¢ Where do you find stratum lucidum? †¢ What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the prickly layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the granular layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the clear layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the horny layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ Is the epidermis vascular? †¢ What are the 2 major divisions of the dermis? o What do you find in each layer? †¢ What do you find in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? †¢ What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color? †¢ What are the 4 different types of sweat glands? Where do you find each? †¢ What are sebaceous glands? †¢ Where do you find hair? o What is its function? o What is its structure? o What is the hair follicle? What are the 2 different types of hair and when or where are they found? o What is alopecia and what are some ways to treat it? †¢ What are nails? o What is its structure? †¢ What are some of the functions of the integumentary system? †¢ What are the 3 major types of skin cancer? o What are the degrees of severity? o What is the most dangerous? o What is the ABCD rule? †¢ What are burns? o What is a first degree burn? Example? o What is a second degree burn? Example? o What is a third degree burn? Example? o What is the rule of NINES? Bone Tissue †¢ What type of tissue is cartilage? o Structure? Function? †¢ What makes up cartilage? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? †¢ What are the 3 different types of cartilage? o Where do you find each type? †¢ What are the different types of growth for cartilage and which direction do they occur? o Appositional o Interstitial †¢ Is cartilage vascular? †¢ What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton? †¢ What are the 4 major shape classifications for bone? †¢ What are some major functions of bone? †¢ What are the major bone markings and how are they described? o Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen †¢ What is: o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? o Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity? †¢ Is bone vascular? †¢ What type of tissue is bone? o Structure? o Function? †¢ What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? †¢ What types of bones contain spongy bone? †¢ What is the function of red bone marrow? o In infants? o In adults? †¢ What is the function of yellow bone marrow? †¢ What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone? †¢ What are Haversian systems (or osteons)? What are: o Lamella o Haversian (central) canals o Volkmann’s canals o Canaliculi o Osteocytes o Osteogenic cells o Osteoblasts o Osteoclasts †¢ What do you find in lacunae? †¢ What is endochondral ossification and where does it occur? o What are the 5 stages? †¢ What is intramembranous ossification? Example? †¢ What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones? †¢ How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? †¢ How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? What are the two hormones released at puberty? o What type of closure occurs as a result? o What type of growth does this closure end? †¢ What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption? †¢ What is calcium used for? †¢ What is the function of calcitonin? o Where does it come from? †¢ What is the function of parathyroid hormone? o Where does it come from †¢ What is Wolff’s law? †¢ Fractures? o Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick †¢ What are the stages of bone healing? †¢ What is: o Osteomalacia o Rickets o Osteoporosis o Paget’s disease