Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Exam 1 Review Guide: (Introduction to Anatomy, Chemistry, Cell) Note: 90 % of the exam will come from this review guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp. com, the text or material covered in the lecture and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy †¢ What is the definition of anatomy? †¢ What is the definition of physiology? †¢ What is homeostasis? †¢ What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained? †¢ What are the directional terms used to find things in the body? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Up/down o Right/left o Close/far Closer to the midline/farther from the midline o Same side/opposite side o Face up/face down o Etc. (maybe more) †¢ What are the major cavities of the body? †¢ What are the planes of the body? †¢ What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm o Forearm o Wrist o Hand o Fingers o Thumb o Elbow o Front of elbow o Poin t of elbow o Thigh o Knee o Knee cap o Leg o Calf o Foot o Sole of foot o Head o Neck o Chest o Lungs o Heart o Groin o Pelvis (front) o Low back o Buttocks o Etc. (maybe more) †¢ What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of organization and what is the order? Chemistry †¢ What are the four major elements of the body? †¢ What are the lesser or trace elements of the body? †¢ What are the three subatomic particles and what charge do they carry? †¢ What is an isotope? †¢ What is the difference between an atom and an element? †¢ What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ? o Give examples for each. †¢ What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding? †¢ What are the two major types of chemical reactions? †¢ Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme? †¢ What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds? †¢ What is an acid? †¢ What is a base? †¢ What is pH the measure of? †¢ If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why? †¢ Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base? †¢ Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base? †¢ What are the four major types of organic compounds? †¢ What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? †¢ What are examples of lipids? †¢ What are examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins? †¢ What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not? †¢ What are the two major types of nucleic acids? †¢ What are the two major types of purines? †¢ What are the three major types of pyrimidines? †¢ Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bond hold them together? †¢ What is DNA? †¢ What i s RNA? †¢ What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) composed of? †¢ What are the two major parts of metabolism? †¢ What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells †¢ What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the function of the plasma membrane? †¢ What are the two different types of plasma membrane proteins? †¢ What are the three functions of membrane proteins? †¢ Where are glycolipids only found? †¢ What are the three major types of membrane junctions? o What are their functions †¢ What is osmosis? †¢ What is diffusion? †¢ What are the two major types? †¢ What is active transport? †¢ What are the major types? †¢ What is endocytosis/exocytosis? †¢ What are the different types of endocytosis? †¢ What is phagocytosis? †¢ What is pinocytosis? †¢ What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol? †¢ What are the major organelles of th e cell? †¢ What are their functions? o For example, what is the function of the following organelles? o Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Edoplasmic reticulum ? Smooth ? Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more) †¢ What are cilia? †¢ What is the nucleus? What does it contain? †¢ What is chromatin? †¢ What is the cell cycle? †¢ When is DNA replicated? †¢ What does the cell undergo cell division? †¢ What is mitosis? †¢ What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis? †¢ What are the phases of meiosis? †¢ What is transcription? From what to what? †¢ What is translation? From what to what? Tissues †¢ What makes up tissues? †¢ What are the 4 different types of tissues? †¢ What are the different types of epithelial tissues? †¢ How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostr atified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more) †¢ Where are these epithelial tissues located? †¢ What are the major functions of each? †¢ What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you find goblet cells? †¢ What is the function of goblet cells? †¢ What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures) †¢ What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands? †¢ What are the different types of connective tissues? o Loose o Areolar o Adipose o Reticular o Dense o Regular o Irregular o Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous) o Bone (Osseous) o Blood †¢ What are their (above) functions and where are they found? †¢ What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue? †¢ What are the characteristics of nervous tissue? †¢ What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities? †¢ What are the characteristics for each ? †¢ What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue †¢ What are the 3 major regions of the skin? †¢ What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? What are their functions? †¢ What are the 4 or 5 layers of the epidermis? †¢ Where do you find stratum lucidum? †¢ What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the prickly layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the granular layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the clear layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ What is also called the horny layer? o What do you find in this layer? †¢ Is the epidermis vascular? †¢ What are the 2 major divisions of the dermis? o What do you find in each layer? †¢ What do you find in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? †¢ What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color? †¢ What are the 4 different types of sweat glands? Where do you find each? †¢ What are sebaceous glands? †¢ Where do you find hair? o What is its function? o What is its structure? o What is the hair follicle? What are the 2 different types of hair and when or where are they found? o What is alopecia and what are some ways to treat it? †¢ What are nails? o What is its structure? †¢ What are some of the functions of the integumentary system? †¢ What are the 3 major types of skin cancer? o What are the degrees of severity? o What is the most dangerous? o What is the ABCD rule? †¢ What are burns? o What is a first degree burn? Example? o What is a second degree burn? Example? o What is a third degree burn? Example? o What is the rule of NINES? Bone Tissue †¢ What type of tissue is cartilage? o Structure? Function? †¢ What makes up cartilage? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? †¢ What are the 3 different types of cartilage? o Where do you find each type? †¢ What are the different types of growth for cartilage and which direction do they occur? o Appositional o Interstitial †¢ Is cartilage vascular? †¢ What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton? †¢ What are the 4 major shape classifications for bone? †¢ What are some major functions of bone? †¢ What are the major bone markings and how are they described? o Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen †¢ What is: o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? o Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity? †¢ Is bone vascular? †¢ What type of tissue is bone? o Structure? o Function? †¢ What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? †¢ What types of bones contain spongy bone? †¢ What is the function of red bone marrow? o In infants? o In adults? †¢ What is the function of yellow bone marrow? †¢ What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone? †¢ What are Haversian systems (or osteons)? What are: o Lamella o Haversian (central) canals o Volkmann’s canals o Canaliculi o Osteocytes o Osteogenic cells o Osteoblasts o Osteoclasts †¢ What do you find in lacunae? †¢ What is endochondral ossification and where does it occur? o What are the 5 stages? †¢ What is intramembranous ossification? Example? †¢ What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones? †¢ How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? †¢ How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? What are the two hormones released at puberty? o What type of closure occurs as a result? o What type of growth does this closure end? †¢ What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption? †¢ What is calcium used for? †¢ What is the function of calcitonin? o Where does it come from? †¢ What is the function of parathyroid hormone? o Where does it come from †¢ What is Wolff’s law? †¢ Fractures? o Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick †¢ What are the stages of bone healing? †¢ What is: o Osteomalacia o Rickets o Osteoporosis o Paget’s disease